About the Book

This book critically examines the possible dilution of the neutrality principle of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in internal armed conflicts. It begins with the proposition that the intervention of ICRC in internal armed conflicts led to compromises in neutrality, and questioned the autonomy and independence of the organization. The book also argues that the field operations of the international humanitarian organizations during internal armed conflicts are dependent on the authority exercised by the state in whose territory the conflict persists. The ICRC’s involvement in Sri Lanka and Sudan provides empirical support to validate these propositions and arguments. The cases also show that for the ICRC, it is hard to be neutral and impartial in situations of internal armed conflicts and such conflicts present formidable challenges to maintain its organization autonomy as well.

The larger purpose of the book is to contribute to the policy re/formulation of the international humanitarian organizations in internal armed conflict, the most significant challenge in the field at present.

About the Editor

Dr Rajeesh Kumar is an Associate Fellow at the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA), New Delhi, India. He has Ph.D. in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Before joining IDSA, he taught at Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi and University of Calicut, Kerala. He is the co-editor of two books: Eurozone Crisis and Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities, and Responses. His articles and reviews appeared in journals, magazines and newspapers such as Strategic Analysis, India Quarterly, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, CEU Political Science Journal, E-International Relations, The Diplomat, Japan Times, Tehran Times and The Outlook.

Table of Contents

• Introduction - Pages 1-19
• ‘Between States and Insurgents’: The ICRC in Internal Armed Conflicts - Pages 21-68
• The ICRC and the Armed Conflict in Sri Lanka - Pages 69-96
• The ICRC in Darfur Conflict, Sudan - Pages 97-120
• Conclusion - Pages 121-130

Reviews

“This work raises important questions about the possibility of neutral humanitarianism in internal armed conflicts. It not only appraises the significant legal developments related to the conduct of internal armed conflicts but critically evaluates the role of the ICRC in humanizing such conflicts. It makes a valuable contribution by offering an in-depth analysis of the challenges faced by the ICRC in working in between States and insurgents.” (Robert Kolb, Professor of Public International Law at the University of Geneva, Switzerland)

“This book potentially will be of interest to researchers of internal armed conflict, international law, and governance as well as area studies scholars interested in Africa and Asia. It would also be of relevance to practitioners of humanitarianism-whether governmental or non-governmental. The author demonstrates the grasp over relevant literature, just as he is able to present the narrative in his own language and as per his research design. Particularly appreciable is the author's attempt to contextualise the ICRC's activities by giving a historical background to the case studies.” (C S R Murthy, Professor, Centre for International Politics, Organization and Disarmament, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India)

“Neutrality has long been among the core principles of the ICRC. Kumar contributes an important element to the ongoing debate on the future of neutrality with his review of the developments regarding the principle of Neutrality.” (Prof. Dr. Andrej J. Zwitter, NGIZ Professor of International Relations, Faculty of Law University of Groningen, The Netherlands )

About the Book

A scan of recent conflicts indicates blurring lines between war and peace, state and non-state, regular and irregular and conventional and unconventional. The prevailing security environment is radically different from what it was even a decade ago. The probability of conventional conflict between states or groups of states has been steadily declining while, at the same time, sub-conventional conflict is gaining prominence. These small wars, or niggling wars as some have called it, have also been called hybrid, non-linear, gray zone, unrestricted and a plethora of such names. The ontological and epistemological enquiry of these terms is essential to understand if they allude to the same phenomenon through different frames. Are they the convention or an aberration? The book tries to fill this crucial research gap related to the changing character of conflicts in the strategic discourse in India.

The contributors have made an attempt to identify various components of hybrid warfare at play in contemporary conflicts. The work does not intend to be judgmental of the nation-states involved in these conflicts or their context and purpose. Instead, the contributors have viewed these conflicts through the prism of the changing character of war, as students of defence and strategic studies, to draw relevant lessons.

The book is divided into three parts. The first part dwells on conceptual issues related to hybrid warfare and comprises two chapters. The second part has six case studies. In the last part, the book has two concluding chapters.

A cursory literature review indicates that while a lot has been written on contemporary conflicts and there are collected essays on hybrid warfare, such an approach as attempted in this book, of scanning the geopolitical space to deconstruct modern conflicts and draw out lessons learnt, is unique. The authors hope to initiate a debate and contribute to the discourse on the way India will have to fight its conflicts in the future in order to equip its armed forces to be better prepared for the next Trojan horse.

About the Editor

Colonel Vikrant Suresh Deshpande joined IDSA as a Research Fellow in September 2016. An MPhil in Defence and Strategic Studies from the Devi Ahilyabai University, his research focuses on ‘Notions of Victory and its Implications on Strategy and Capability Development of the Armed Forces’

Contents

Preface
Contributors
List of Abbreviations
List of Tables and Figures

1. The Changing Character and the Taxonomy of Conflict
   -- Gurmeet Kanwal
2. Contextualising Hybrid Warfare
   -- Vikrant Deshpande and Shibani Mehta
3. Pakistan’s Hybrid War in South Asia: Case Study of India and Afghanistan
   -- Vivek Chadha
4. Russia and Hybrid Warfare: Achieving Strategic Goals without Outright Military Force
   -- Aman Saberwal
5. The Mutating Wars: ‘The Hybrid Threat’ in Iraq and Syria
   -- Shruti Pandalai
6. Lebanon–Yemen Marathon: Hezbollah Head and Houthi Legs
   -- Kishore Kumar Khera
7. Israel and the Challenges of Hybrid Warfare
   -- S. Samuel C. Rajiv
8. Expanding the Turbulent Maritime Periphery: Gray Zone Conflicts with Chinese Characteristics
   -- Abhay K. Singh
9. India and Hybrid Warfare
   -- Alok Deb
10. Conclusion
    -- Neha Kohli

Index

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About The Book

Despite being faced with myriad and complex challenges to national security, India's defence structures have not kept pace with changing times. The defence reforms that were undertaken periodically were reactive in nature and, in many cases, responses to crises as well as being sporadic, piecemeal and often ad hoc. The most recent review of security challenges undertaken occurred close to two decades ago, in the aftermath of the Kargil conflict of 1999. This was the Kargil Review Committee, and a subsequent Group of Ministers committee was appointed to study its report and suggest urgent measures for implementation of its suggestions, especially focussing on intelligence reforms, internal security, border management, and defence management. While many of the suggestions made by the Group of Ministers committee were accepted and have been implemented, a key reform-the establishment of the Chief of Defence Staff-is yet to see the light of day.

Keeping in mind the necessity as well as the urgency of such reforms, this volume brings together practitioners as well as researchers on defence issues, on the key issue of defence reforms. The aim is not just to interrogate the status of reforms in current times but to also place the issue before a wider, interested readership. The 14 incisive chapters herein cover the broad spectrum of defence reforms and provide perspectives on similar reforms in other militaries, structural reforms, those dealing with budgets and procurement issues, and, finally, education and communication.

The volume would be an indispensable guide to practitioners, scholars and researchers working on the area of defence and military studies, strategic and security studies, India's defence and security policies as well as to the informed reader.

About the Editors

Brigadier Gurmeet Kanwal (Retd.) is Distinguished Fellow, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA), New Delhi and a Delhi-based Adjunct Fellow, Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Washington, D.C. He is former Director, Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS), New Delhi. He commanded an infantry brigade on the Line of Control (Operation Parakram, 2001-03) and an artillery regiment in counter-insurgency operation in Kashmir Valley (Operation Rakshak, 1993-94). His book include Nuclear Defence: Shaping the Arsenal; Indian Army: Vision 2020; Pakistan's Proxy War; Heroes of Kargil: Kargil'99: Blood, Guts and Firepower, Artillery: Honour and Glory and The New Arthashastra: A Security Strategy for India (ed.). He is a regular speaker at well known international think tanks and military institutions.

Neha Kohli is the Associate Editor of the Journal of Defence Studies, published by the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi.

Contents

Preface

About the Authors

1. Introduction: The Need for Defence Reforms
   -- Gurmeet Kanwal

SECTION IREFORMS IN OTHER MILITARIES

2. Reforms Initiated by Major Military Powers
   -- Rajneesh Singh
3. Military Might: New Age Defence Reforms in China
   -- Monika Chansoria

SECTION IISTRUCTURAL REFORMS

4. Higher Defence Organisation: Independence to the Mid-1990s
   -- R. Chandrashekhar
5. Defence Reforms: The Vajpayee Years
   -- Anit Mukherjee
6. Defence Planning: A Review
   -- Narender Kumar
7. Transformation: Military Force to Military Power
   -- Vinod Bhatia
8. Intelligence Reforms to Meet Future Challenges
   -- Kamal Davar
9. Inter-ministerial and Inter-departmental Coordination
   -- Shakti Sinha

SECTION III DEFENCE BUDGET AND PROCUREMENT

10. Defence Budget: Optimising Planning and Utilisation – I
    -- Anjan Mukherjee
11. Defence Budget: Optimising Planning and Utilisation – II
    -- Amit Cowshish
12. Indian Defence Industry: A Reform Agenda
    -- Laxman Kumar Behera

SECTION IVEDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION

13. Professional Military Education: Agenda for Reform
    -- P.K. Mallick
14. Rethinking Strategic Communication in the Age of “Instant”Warfare
    -- Shruti Pandalai

Index

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About the Book

The world is entering an era with increased global demand for energy, price volatility, and rising concerns about environmental burdens and the global impact of climate change. Directly or indirectly, these factors have given rise to related concerns such as deregulation and geopolitical uncertainties. Moreover, the challenges related to the energy issue go beyond scientific or technological aspects and extend to access to resources, regional conflicts, pricing and energy infrastructure management.

For Asian countries, the challenge is more critical. Rapid and sustained economic development has placed these countries at the epicentre of growth in global energy demand, which has changed direction from the West to the East, thereby altering the geopolitics of global energy. Climate and environmental concerns are driving technological innovations, causing a sea change in the kind and manner in which energy is used. In turn, these changes have thrown up new energy policy and security challenges for Asian governments. Conversely, the choices and policies that have, and will be, adopted by the Asian countries will have far-reaching implications for the world.

The focus of Asian Strategic Review 2017 is on tracing the contours of the current energy markets, the policies adopted by some of the key nations in their quest to enhance their energy security, and the challenges that are likely to come up in the future.

About the Editors

Jayant Prasad is Director General, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. He was India's Ambassador to Afghanistan, Algeria, Nepal, and the UN Conference on Disarmament, Geneva. At headquarters, in the Ministry of External Affairs, he served as Special Secretary (Public Diplomacy), and Head of the Americas and the Multilateral Economic Relations Divisions. He was Rapporteur of the U.N. Commission on Human Rights, Geneva (1986-87), Fellow at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University (1998-99), member of U.N. Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters (2005-07), and Visiting Scholar, Center for the Advanced Study of India, University of Pennsylvania (2014-15). Before his 37-year public service career, he was lecturer in history, St. Stephen’s College, University of Delhi, after completing his studies at Modern School, St. Stephen’s College, and Jawarharlal Nehru University.

Shebonti Ray Dadwal is a Senior Fellow with the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA), heading the Non-Traditional Security Centre at the Institute. Prior to joining IDSA, she served as Deputy Secretary at the National Security Council Secretariat and was Senior Editor with The Financial Express. She is a member of the CSCAP Study Group on Energy Security as well as member of the Core Group on Myanmar of the MEA's Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA).

In April 2009, she was awarded a Chevening Fellowship by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the UK on completion of a course in Economics of Energy at the Institute for Energy Research and Policy, University of Birmingham, UK. She is also a member of the Editorial Board of IDSA's flagship journal, Strategic Analysis.

Her research focus is on Energy Security and she has recently published a monograph on The Geopolitics of America's Energy Independence: Implications for China, India and the Global Energy Market. She has written two books. The first, Rethinking Energy Security in India was published in 2002, and this is her second book. She is also the co-editor of Non-Traditional Security Challenges in Asia: Approaches and Responses, published by Routledge in 2015, and has co-authored the IDSA Report on Security Implications of Climate Change for India (2009), apart from writing several peer-reviewed articles and papers focusing on Energy Security.

Contents

Foreword

Contributors

1. Hydrocarbon Markets in Asia: Adapting to Changing Narratives
   -- Lydia Powell
2. Continuity through Change: China’s Energy Security in a New Era
   -- Cui Shoujun
3. A Relook on Energy Security After Fukushima
   -- Masakazu Toyoda
4. Ensuring South Korea’s Energy Security? Priorities, Problems and Prospects
   -- Se Hyun Ahn
5. Russia’s Asian Energy Pivot: A Prodigious Realignment
   -- Rajeev Lala
6. Disruption in the Global Energy Order: Geopolitical Ramifications for West Asia
   -- Girijesh Pant
7. Energy Connectivity in Asia: The India-ASEAN Case1
   -- Nitya Nanda
8. The Asian Nuclear Power Landscape: A Contemporary Examination
   -- Manpreet Sethi
9. Renewable Energy and Critical Minerals: Access to Resourcesin Asia’s Energy Paradigm
   - Swati Ganeshan
10. Ensuring Asia’s Energy Security: Role of Energy StorageTechnology
    -- Bhupendra Kumar Singh
11. Asia’s Energy Security: An Uncertain Outlook
    -- Shebonti Ray Dadwal

Index

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Other books in Asian Strategic Review Series