Armenia–France ties are now shaping regional geopolitics in the Caucasus, and their bilateral relationship has become more meaningful after the Nagorno-Karabakh war.

The Armenia–Azerbaijan conflict has called into question the CSTO’s role as a regional security guarantor.

Geopolitical and geo-economic reasons account for the Central Asian nations, barring Tajikistan, following a multi-vector approach towards the Afghan Taliban regime.

With the West and Russia having stakes in the Balkans, a new proxy conflict could emerge between Serbia and Kosovo.

Kazakhstan has strengthened its partnerships with regional and extra-regional actors amidst the ongoing regional turmoil.

Russia’s partial mobilisation has also had regional domestic repercussions, especially so in the Central Asian Republics.